Download WMO BUFR to XML, Java, weather data for free. A Java system to decode the WMO BUFR format for weather data and translate it to XML.
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Windows Mac Linux. A Java system to decode the WMO BUFR format for weather data and translate it to XML. BUFR File Support Software. Latest version: BUFRdisplay 0.8.2 (Windows 64-bit) BUFRdisplay 0.8.2 (Linux 64-bit) Note: the Linux issue now includes all the graphics libraries. BUFRdisplay BUFR file analysis, decoding, and display program Program to analyse and decode BUFR files, and display geographical data in a variety of formats.
ECMWF has developed ecCodes: an application program interface developed for decoding and encoding messages in the following formats: ecCodes relies on a useful set of command line tools to provide quick access to the messages. C, Fortran 90 and Python interfaces provide access to the main ecCodes functionality. Decoding ERS FD LBR Data from WMO FM BUFR format Purpose of the BUFR software (UNIX and VMS versions) The ERS-2 Low Bit Rate Fast Delivery products are transmitted over the WMO GTS ( World Meteorological Organisation Global Telecommunications System) using a special Buffer format WMO FM94 BUFR. Decoding ERS FD LBR Data from WMO FM BUFR format Purpose of the BUFR software (UNIX and VMS versions) The ERS-2 Low Bit Rate Fast Delivery products are transmitted over the WMO GTS ( World Meteorological Organisation Global Telecommunications System) using a special Buffer format WMO FM94 BUFR.
The Dolby audio decoder is a Media Foundation transform (MFT) that decodes the following stream types:
- Dolby Digital, also called Dolby AC-3
- Dolby Digital Plus, also called Enhanced AC-3 (E-AC-3)
Important
For versions of Windows prior to Windows 8, the Microsoft implementation of the Dolby Digital technology is restricted under terms of the Dolby Digital licensing program to use by Microsoft applications.
For more information about these formats, refer to Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) document Digital Audio Compression Standard (AC-3, E-AC-3) Revision B.
The decoder can also convert a Dolby Digital Plus stream to Dolby Digital format for AC-3 S/PIDF output, or format a Dolby Digital Plus stream for HDMI digital output.
Class Identifier
The class identifier (CLSID) of the Dolby audio decoder is CLSID_CMSDDPlusDecMFT, defined in the header file wmcodecdsp.h.
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Input Types
The Dolby audio decoder supports the following input subtypes.
Subtype | Description | Header |
---|---|---|
MEDIASUBTYPE_DOLBY_AC3 | Dolby Digital audio. | mfapi.h |
MEDIASUBTYPE_DVM | Dolby Digital audio; see Audio Subtypes. This subtype can be used interchangeably with MEDIASUBTYPE_DOLBY_AC3. | wmcodecdsp.h |
MFAudioFormat_Dolby_Digital_Plus | Dolby Digital Plus audio. | mfapi.h |
The following table lists the requires and optional attributes for the input media type.
Attribute | Description | Remarks |
---|---|---|
MF_MT_MAJOR_TYPE | Major type. | Required. Must be MFMediaType_Audio. |
MF_MT_SUBTYPE | Audio subtype. | Required. See the previous table for details. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_SAMPLES_PER_SECOND | Sample rate, in samples per second. | Optional. Valid values are: 48000, 44100, 32000, 24000, 22050, and 16000. If this attribute is not set, the default value is 48000. [!Note] |
MF_MT_AUDIO_NUM_CHANNELS | Number of channels, including the low frequency (LFE) channel, if present. | Optional. Valid values are in the range 1 (mono) to 8 (7.1 channel configuration). If this attribute is not set, the default value is 2 (stereo). |
MF_MT_AUDIO_CHANNEL_MASK | Specifies the assignment of audio channels to speaker positions. | Optional. If specified, the value must be consistent with the number of audio channels. If the attribute is not set, the decoder uses a default channel mask, based on the number of channels. |
The following table lists the supported Dolby channel configurations.
Channel configuration | Number of channels | Channel masks |
---|---|---|
1/0 (mono) | 1 | 0x4 (SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER) |
2/0 (stereo) or 1+1 (dual mono) | 2 | 0x3 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT) |
3/0 | 3 | 0x7 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER) |
2/1 | 3 | 0x103 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER) |
3/1 | 4 | 0x107 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER) |
2/2 | 4 | 0x33 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT) or 0x603 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT | SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT) |
3/2 | 5 | 0x37 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT) or 0x607 (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT | SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT) |
3/2 + LFE | 6 | 0x3F (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT) or 0x60F (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT | SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT) |
3/2/2 + LFE[!Note] | 8 | 0x63F (SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT | SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT | SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT) |
In addition, channel configurations 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, 2/1, 3/1, and 2/2 may also appear with an LFE channel.
Output Types
The Dolby audio decoder supports the following output subtypes.
Subtype | Description | Header |
---|---|---|
MFAudioFormat_Dolby_AC3_SPDIF | Dolby AC-3 audio formatted for S/PDIF digital output. | mfapi.h |
KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEC61937_DOLBY_DIGITAL_PLUS | Dolby Digital Plus audio formatted for HDMI digital output. | ksmedia.h |
MFAudioFormat_Float | IEEE 32-bit floating-point PCM audio Windows 10: stereo, 5.1, 7.1 Previous versions: stereo, 5.1 | mfapi.h |
MFAudioFormat_PCM | 16-bit PCM audio Windows 10: stereo, 5.1, 7.1 Previous versions: stereo, 5.1 | mfapi.h |
The following table lists the required and optional attributes for the output media type.
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Attribute | Description | Remarks |
---|---|---|
MF_MT_MAJOR_TYPE | Major type. | Required. Must be MFMediaType_Audio. |
MF_MT_SUBTYPE | Audio subtype. | Required. See the previous table for details. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_SAMPLES_PER_SECOND | Sample rate, in samples per second. | Required. Valid values are: 48000, 44100, 32000, 24000, 22050, and 16000. The output sample rate must be identical to the input sample rate. The decoder cannot change the sampling rate of the stream. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_NUM_CHANNELS | Number of channels, including the low frequency (LFE) channel, if present. | Required for PCM output. Not needed for digital output. If the input type is mono, stereo, or dual-mono (all without LFE channel), the only valid value is 2, for stereo output. Otherwise, the value can be:
|
MF_MT_AUDIO_CHANNEL_MASK | Specifies the assignment of audio channels to speaker positions. | Required for PCM output if the number of channels is greater than 2. The value must be:
|
MF_MT_AUDIO_BITS_PER_SAMPLE | Number of bits per audio sample. | Required for PCM output. The value must be 32 for MFAudioFormat_Float, and 16 for MFAudioFormat_PCM. Not needed for digital output. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_VALID_BITS_PER_SAMPLE | Number of valid bits of audio data in each audio sample. | Optional for PCM output. If set, the value must be identical to MF_MT_AUDIO_BITS_PER_SAMPLE. Not needed for the digital output subtypes. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_BLOCK_ALIGNMENT | Block alignment, in bytes. | Optional for PCM output. Not needed for digital output. |
MF_MT_AUDIO_AVG_BYTES_PER_SECOND | Average number of bytes per second. | Optional for PCM output. Not needed for digital output. |
Transform Attributes
The Dolby audio decoder implements the IMFTransform::GetAttributes method. The application can use this method to get or set the following attributes.
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
CODECAPI_AVDecAudioDualMono | Specifies whether a 2-channel Dolby audio stream is encoded as stereo or dual-mono. Before the first Dolby frame is decoded, the value is eAVDecAudioDualMono_UnSpecified. After decoding begins, the value reflects the most recent Dolby frame. Read-only. |
CODECAPI_AVDecAudioDualMonoReproMode | Specifies how the decoder reproduces dual-mono audio. The default value is eAVDecAudioDualMonoReproMode_LEFT_MONO. The application can set this property at any time. Read/write. |
CODECAPI_AVDecCommonMeanBitRate | For Dolby Digital (AC-3) streams, specifies the bit rate of the input stream in bits per second. For Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC3), the value is always zero. Read only. |
CODECAPI_AVDecDDDynamicRangeScaleHigh | The high-level cut when the decoder performs dynamic range control. Read/write. |
CODECAPI_AVDecDDDynamicRangeScaleLow | The low-level boost when the decoder performs dynamic range control. Read/write. |
CODECAPI_AVDecDDOperationalMode | The compression control mode. Read/write. |
CODECAPI_AVDecDDStereoDownMixMode | The type of stereo downmix. This property applies when the input is a multichannel stream and the output is a stereo stream. Read/write. |
MFT_SUPPORT_DYNAMIC_FORMAT_CHANGE | This attribute returns FALSE, indicating that the decoder must be drained before a new input type is set. Read/write. |
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Remarks
The decoder accepts only raw Dolby streams, as defined by A/52B. Payloads such as Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) are not supported. For Dolby Digital Plus, the decoder decodes up to 5.1 channels. On Windows 10, 7.1 channel streams are decoded without downmix. On previous OS versions, if the stream is 7.1 channels, only the 5.1 channel downmix will be decoded. If the stream is Dolby Digital Plus with more than one independent substream, only independent substream 0 is decoded. The decoder skips other independent substreams. In addition, the decoder skips all dependent substreams. The decoder supports decryption and decoding of streams that are protected by Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology.
If the input media type has a channel configuration other than mono, stereo, or dual-mono (all without LFE channel), the decoder provides two options for the output channel configurations:
- 8-channel output (7.1 channel configuration)
- 6-channel output (5.1 channel configuration)
- Stereo downmix
If stereo downmix is selected, the type of downmix can be set on the MFT by using the CODECAPI_AVDecDDStereoDownMixMode property.
If the output type is MFAudioFormat_Dolby_AC3_SPDIF, each output buffer contains 6,144 bytes. The buffer starts with an 8-byte S/PDIF header, followed by a compressed AC-3 frame, followed by zero padding to 6,144 bytes.
If the output type is KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEC61937_DOLBY_DIGITAL_PLUS, each output buffer contains 24,576 bytes. The buffer starts with an 8-byte S/PDIF header, followed by 1–6 compressed Dolby Digital Plus frames corresponding to 1,536 PCM samples, followed by zero padding to 24,576 bytes. For HDMI output, only independent substream 0 is packed.
The decoder MFT is registered with the flag MFT_ENUM_FLAG_FIELDOFUSE, which indicates that the MFT that must be unlocked by the application before use. For more information, see Field of Use Restrictions.
Requirements
Minimum supported client | Windows 8 [desktop apps | UWP apps] |
Minimum supported server | None supported |
DLL |
|
See also
The Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binarydataformat maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition 4. BUFR Edition 3 is also considered current for operational use. BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal. Any kind of data can be represented, along with its specific spatial/temporal context and any other associated metadata. In the WMO terminology, BUFR belongs to the category of table-driven code forms, where the meaning of data elements is determined by referring to a set of tables that are kept and maintained separately from the message itself.
BUFR is a complex format that can be difficult to use [1] and it presents some weaknesses[2]. The introduction of BUFR format lead to data 'disparition' and many formatting errors [3][4][5].
- 1Description of format
- 3External links
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Description of format[edit]
A BUFR message is composed of six sections, numbered zero through five.
- Sections 0, 1 and 5 contain static metadata, mostly for message identification.
- Section 2 is optional; if used, it may contain arbitrary data in any form wished for by the creator of the message (this is only advisable for local use).
- Section 3 contains a sequence of so-called descriptors that define the form and contents of the BUFR data product.
- Section 4 is a bit-stream containing the message's core data and meta-data values as laid out by Section 3.
The product description contained in Section 3 can be made sophisticated and non-trivial by the use of replication and/or operator descriptors. (See below for a brief overview of the different kinds of descriptors; refer to the WMO Guide on BUFR for further detail.)
Templates[edit]
Section 3 contains a short header followed by a sequence of descriptors that matches the contents of Section 4's bit-stream. The sequence of descriptors in Section 3 could be understood as the template of the BUFR message. The template contains the information necessary to describe the structure of the data values embedded in the matching bit-stream. It is to be interpreted in a step-by-step, algorithm-like manner. Given a set of BUFR messages, the values contained in Section 4 may differ from one message to the next, but their ordering and structure will be kept predictable if the template provided in Section 3 remains unchanged. Templates can be designed to meet the requirements of a specific data product (weather observations, for instance). Such templates can then be used to standardize the content and structure of BUFR data products. The WMO has released a number of BUFR templates for surface and upper air observational data.
Descriptors[edit]
All descriptors, 16 bits wide, have a F-X-Y structure, where F refers to the two most significant bits (leftmost); X refers to the 6 middle bits and Y to the least significant (rightmost) 8 bits. The F value (0 to 3) determines the type of descriptor.
- Element descriptors (F=0): As the name implies, these descriptors are used to convey elemental data and related meta-data.
The X value identifies the Class of the descriptor (i.e. Horizontal Coordinate parameters, Temperature parameters, etc.). The Y value is the descriptor's number within its class. Element descriptors classes 1 through 9 have the special property of remaining in effect from the moment they appear throughout the remainder of the BUFR template, unless contradicted or cancelled. In practice, class 1 through 9 descriptors are used for spatial, temporal and other meta-data that is applicable to the core data of the BUFR message.
All element descriptors are defined in a section of the BUFR specification known as 'Table B'. The addition of new element descriptors in Table B does not require changes to the BUFR software specification. The Table B definition of an element descriptor includes its number, short text definition, decoding parameters (bit width, scale factor, and bias), and type (numerical, character string, code table, etc.). - Replication descriptors (F=1): Special descriptors that allow for the controlled repetition of a chosen number of descriptors. This is a very powerful operation that introduces loop-like structures in BUFR templates. The X value specifies the number of following descriptors to be included in the replication; the Y value indicates how many times the replication is to take place. If Y=0, then the replication is called a 'delayed replication' and the number of replications is to be obtained from the value of a special element descriptor.
- Operator descriptors (F=2): These descriptors convey special operations that can modify the character of data or allow for the creation and manipulation of additional data alongside the original. The X value identifies the operator and the Y value is used to control its application. These descriptors are defined in a section of the BUFR specification known as 'Table C'. The addition of new operator descriptors in Table C does require changes to the BUFR software specification, and therefore leads to a new BUFR Edition Number.
- Sequence descriptors (F=3): A single sequence descriptor is an alias for a sequence of other descriptors, including replication descriptors and Table B, C and D entries. These descriptors are defined in a section of the BUFR specification known as 'Table D'. The use of the X and Y value is the same as with Element Descriptors.
Subsets[edit]
The data structure established in the Section 3 template may be re-used multiple times within a single BUFR message. In such a case, Section 4 will contain a succession of so-called subsets. For instance, subsets could be used to convey observations from several locations in a single message.
References[edit]
- ^https://www.eumetsat.int/website/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PDF_CONF_P57_S5_01_KARHILA_V&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&Rendition=Web
- ^https://ams.confex.com/ams/93Annual/webprogram/Paper221675.html
- ^http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/281
- ^https://ams.confex.com/ams/97Annual/webprogram/Paper305058.html
- ^https://software.ecmwf.int/wiki/display/TCBUF/ECMWF?preview=/29332277/46924609/Migration_2_BUFR_Report.pdf
External links[edit]
- WMO table-driven code forms guides (Expands on the BUFR Manual but should be considered a secondary source to the Manual)
- A third-party tutorial on creating BUFR templates (from Environment Canada)
Online BUFR validators[edit]
Software libraries[edit]
- ECMWF provided BUFRDC library and the new ecCodes library. Magics and Metview use these to process and visualise BUFR data.
- NCAR wmobufr library — Java library and XML implementation
- fortran and c-based python wrappers around the ECMWF library
- wreport Free Software C++ library implementing encoding and decoding of BUFR and CREX
- trollbufr, a FOSS pure Python BUFR reader and writer
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